The athlete should try to drink fluids to replace, at least to some extent, enough of the fluid lost through sweat so that the total fluid deficit for a training session or competition is kept at no more than approximately 2% of body mass (an average of 200 ml per 20 min of exercise). During exercise that lasts more than 40 minutes, the creation of personalized hydration strategies is proposed. It is recommended that at least 4 hours before the start of the sports effort, the athlete should consume 5-7 ml of fluids per kilogram of body weight. The high levels of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere combined with intense exercise of the athlete increases the fluid requirements to avoid a possible risk of thermal disturbances. Energy drinks are considered by many athletes and/or exercisers to promote, in addition to high levels of energy, important hydration during exercise. Athletes appreciate the need to consume fluids before, during, and after exercise as well as the significance of hydration by using drinks or/and energy drinks containing carbohydrates, salts, caffeine, taurine, and other ingredients.
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The major aim of the current narrative review was to present the current scientific knowledge on the potential effect of electrolytes and energy drink consumption on athletic performance and make recommendations for safe consumption. Toxicity surveillance should be improved, and regulations of energy drink sales and consumption should be based on appropriate research. Long-term research should aim to understand the effects in at-risk populations. In the short-term, pediatricians need to be aware of the possible effects of energy drinks in vulnerable populations and screen for consumption to educate families. The known and unknown pharmacology of agents included in such drinks, combined with reports of toxicity, raises concern for potentially serious adverse effects in association with energy drink use. Several countries and states have debated or restricted energy drink sales and advertising.Įnergy drinks have no therapeutic benefit, and many ingredients are understudied and not regulated.
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Of the 5448 US caffeine overdoses reported in 2007, 46% occurred in those younger than 19 years.
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Frequently containing high and unregulated amounts of caffeine, these drinks have been reported in association with serious adverse effects, especially in children, adolescents, and young adults with seizures, diabetes, cardiac abnormalities, or mood and behavioral disorders or those who take certain medications. Manufacturer Web sites were reviewed for product information.Īccording to self-report surveys, energy drinks are consumed by 30% to 50% of adolescents and young adults. We searched PubMed and Google using "energy drink," "sports drink," "guarana," "caffeine," "taurine," "ADHD," "diabetes," "children," "adolescents," "insulin," "eating disorders," and "poison control center" to identify articles related to energy drinks. To review the effects, adverse consequences, and extent of energy drink consumption among children, adolescents, and young adults.